Pulsa la imagen para entrar
El estudio más completo y abarcador del libro más misterioso de todos los tiempos (Leer más…)
Recibe tu libro en solo dos días con tu cuenta de Amazon Prime.
Monday, September 30, 2013
Sunday, September 29, 2013
Nazis: ¿Peligro del pasado o del PRESENTE?
El autor Dino Alreich
propone en varias de sus novelas tales como: 'El resurgir de la esvástica', y
Nazis: Más allá del 2012 (Ruta hacia un nuevo Holocausto) que la amenaza NAZI
no se limita meramente a la Alemania de Hitler del 1933-1945, sino que traspasa
fronteras y el poder fascista se encuentra escondido y protegido en los núcleos
religiosos del Vaticano tales como la milicia jesuita, las órdenes masónicas
secretas, los Illuminatis, y otras organizaciones que veneran al rey de los
demonios, a Lucifer. Si fuera cierto lo que Dino Alreich propone en sus
novelas, el mundo está siendo engañado y dirigido a una muy peligrosa dictadura
sangrienta denominada El Nuevo Orden Mundial, un plan antiguo de los fascistas
en donde se pretende controlar a toda la humanidad por medio de tecnologías
modernas como la marca del microchip reduciendo las libertades de los
individuos a cero e imponiendo la fuerza del hierro de un dictador sobre el
mundo. Significa la destrucción de los derechos individuales del hombre para
exaltar la figura de un líder mundial o anticristo. ¿Se encuentra el mundo
completo siendo víctima del engaño masivo por parte de los fascistas y su
elite? Decida
usted...
Título: El resurgir de la esvástica
Reservados todos los derechos. Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, incluidos la fotografía y el tratamiento informático, así como la distribución de ejemplares mediante alquiler o préstamo público, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright y bajo las leyes y sanciones establecidas del Estado.
Copyright © 2008
__________________________________________________________
Dedicatoria
Dedico este libro a todos aquellos que aman la verdad. Presento este libro como homenaje a aquellos que han escapado y escaparán de las garras de Roma. A aquellos ex – sacerdotes que por defender la verdad han sido atropellados, atacados, perseguidos y calumniados. Dedico este libro a aquellos creyentes verdaderos que han sufrido la persecución, la murmuración, la conspiración y la muerte infligida por los enemigos del evangelio. Dedico este libro como homenaje póstumo al ex – jesuita Alberto Rivera.
_________________________________________________________
Capítulo 1
El pordiosero
Ciudad de Nueva York
Año 1985
4:00 p.m.
En aquella calurosa tarde del mes de mayo, en el viejo apartamento en New York se escuchaba el alto volumen del televisor. Christopher Borazzo, el joven profesor de antropología enseñaba en la universidad y tenía la costumbre de llegar de su trabajo y antes que nada encendía el aparato para escuchar las noticias mientras se preparaba algo ligero de comer para ocuparse en sus planes de trabajo. La carne al vapor estaba casi lista y el olor se desplazaba por todo el apartamento mientras la noticia se dejaba oír:
“D.A.R.P.A., la agencia del Pentágono responsable por el desarrollo de nueva tecnología militar está subsidiando un adelantado microchip injertable en humanos. Esta maravillosa tecnología puede ser de gran adelanto social en especial para las personas incapacitadas que han perdido funciones corporales. Según el profesor Warwick, uno de los pioneros en experimentar esta tecnología, asegura que por medio de la colocación de colecciones de micro electrodos múltiples, por sus siglas MMEA, que hacen posible la conexión del cerebro o el sistema nervioso central a una computadora o chip de implante que por medio de satélite está unido a una computadora central se pueden recuperar capacidades perdidas como el movimiento de piernas, brazos, y la capacidad de devolverle a las personas la capacidad de sentir emociones y ejercitar sentimientos. Warwick aseguró que esto es posible gracias a Máquina de Interfase cerebral o un complicado programa o software que intercambiaría, reconocería y controlaría impulsos eléctricos del cuerpo humano responsables de las funciones básicas del ser humano o las más complejas como las mismas emociones. El profesor aseguró que estas tecnologías pudieran estar disponibles mucho más rápido de lo que se espera ya que usarían las mismas antenas de teléfono y sistemas inalámbricos que ya existen en todas las ciudades para el beneficio de los que posean los implantes en sus cuerpos. De esta manera se lograría la conexión microchip-antena-satélite-computadora central mundial para favorecer a los humanos. Sin duda alguna que el futuro es muy prometedor y más ahora que se suma a todo esto los adelantos de la nanotecnología y la creación de máquinas a tamaños diminutos...”. –seguía la noticia.
Christopher por un momento perdió el olfato de su comida quedando impactado por la interesante noticia.
–¡Auch! –dijo Christopher corriendo hacia su pequeño horno que casi le quema la comida por dejar de prestarle atención.
–Un poco más y pierdo mi cena. –dijo Christopher hablando graciosamente con su felino. – Eh, debes estar hambriento tu también, ¿verdad? Mangual.
Mangual su querida mascota bengala era su fiel compañero y oidor. No le abandonaba ni en sus caminatas de tarde cuando Christopher salía al parque a ejercitarse.
Christopher era de cuerpo atlético y apariencia esbelta. Su cuerpo reflejaba casi cuatro décadas de una vida dura, pero de superación. Era de origen puertorriqueño, pero había emigrado a New York luego de graduarse de antropología cediendo ante una tentadora oferta de una prestigiosa universidad. Borazzo siempre se distinguió por ser un gran estudioso e investigador de todos los temas contemporáneos. Huérfano de padre y madre a causa de una terrible enfermedad que afectó a sus progenitores, creció solo en casa de unos abuelos que le cuidaron hasta su partida. En la ciudad de New York y frente a la opresión social que implicaba una ciudad llena de gente que camina de aquí para allá casi tropezándose unos con otros en sus afanes y negocios, Christopher se encontraba solo. A pesar de que amó a sus abuelos nunca siguió los consejos que ellos le daban que lo animaban a buscar la compañía de Dios, antes que llegaran tiempos difíciles y de soledad. Todavía le resonaban en su cabeza las gastadas palabras que su abuelo le repetía a menudo: “un hombre no estará completamente solo si tiene a Jesús en su corazón”. Sin embargo, Borazzo no frecuentaba regularmente la iglesia ya que se sumergía en el mar de literatura y de información que su profesión le demandaba. Se dedicaba más a estudiar e investigar. Le resultaban incomprensibles las palabras de los pastores de iglesias que constantemente predicaban sobre un inminente regreso de Jesucristo el Mesías de Israel. Borazzo pensaba que los pastores eran unos estúpidos al predicar sobre el regreso de un hombre de entre los muertos. No sólo no creía en la resurrección, sino que se negaba a creer que existiera tal “Mesías resucitado” ni mucho menos una “segunda venida”. A menudo, jóvenes de iglesias constantemente invitaban a Borazo a asistir a los servicios de culto a Dios, pero él prefería no ser identificado con los grupos de jóvenes creyentes. Le preocupaba que sus estudiantes le identificaran como cristiano y procuraba no ser asociado con ellos. Como si fuera poco, Christopher poseía varios compañeros de trabajo que pertenecían al Opus Dei. De esta manera Borazo se fue creando la idea generalizada que todos los grupos eran similares en sus prácticas de “lavado de cerebro”. Christopher había llegado a la conclusión de que la gran mayoría de las sectas eran dañinas. Según sus conclusiones se trataba de la aceptación de un discurso con el cual la gente tendía a identificarse y refugiarse por necesidades personales y luego terminaban venerando símbolos o imágenes por los cuales les infundían admiración ocasionando identidad de grupo y esclavitud en sus seguidores. Para él, el hecho de refugiarse en religiones y orbes integristas era cosa de débiles, faltos de identidad, y de baja autoestima. Así anduvo muchos años inmerso casi todo el tiempo en estudios seculares e investigaciones. Christopher prefería mantenerse en su soledad y privacidad en el apartamento, sin embargo, de vez en cuando hacía excepciones y salía a conversar con vecinos y conocidos en el gran parque de la ciudad.
El insistente timbre del teléfono le obligó a masticar rápidamente la comida y atender la llamada.
–¿Qué estás haciendo? –dijo una voz femenina.
–¿Y ese milagro? –contestó Borrazo al reconocer la voz de su amiga Heda
–Eso es para que veas que no me olvido de mis amigos. –dijo Heda de manera simpática como tratando de provocar en Christopher alegría.
–Dime, ¿qué estás haciendo? –preguntó Christopher.
–Nada, sólo que iba a salir al parque en mi bicicleta y te llamó para ver si deseas acompañarme. –dijo Heda de manera dulce.
–¿Ahora? –preguntó Borrazo.
–Bueno, si Mangual te lo permite y nos acompaña a mí y a Perla. –dijo Heda refiriéndose a sus mascotas.
Sin perder mucho tiempo, Christopher se preparó y se encontró con su amiga. De vez en cuando ambos solían pasear a sus mascotas al aire libre muy bien protegidas en sus portaequipajes adheridas al manillar. En aquella tarde de primavera eran muchas las personas que pensaron igual que ellos. La acera estaba muy transitada por aquellos que salían a ejercitarse y a compartir en la cosmopolita ciudad. Heda llamaba mucho la atención de los muchachos del parque que admiraban su belleza sin igual. Su cuerpo esbelto, su cabello lacio rubio, así como sus llamativos ojos azules eran solo complementos de hermosos atributos que eran de admirar por el sexo opuesto, y a la vez la envidia de muchas jovencitas. Heda se encontraba entre los jóvenes que apenas cumplían los veinticinco abriles. Christopher, aunque se sentía atraído por ella, nunca le confesaba su admiración, sino que la guardaba en su corazón como a un amor platónico.
Heda y Christopher se habían detenido a conversar en la grama no sin antes darle algo de libertad a sus dos felinos para que jugaran en el pasto donde cruzaban de un lado a otro rozando sus colas entre sus pies. Perla llamaba mucho la atención, era una hermosa gata siamés, que llevaba tres años junto a ella.
–¡Qué bien la estas pasando! ¡Ah, nena! –dijo Christopher dirigiéndose a Perla al verla revolcarse en el suelo.
Pasadas unas horas, el parque se llenaba cada vez más de deportistas y gente recreándose.
–Qué bonito es venir al parque y ver la ciudad. –dijo Heda fijándose en la gente muy ocupada y divertida en sus deportes, pasatiempos, y tertulias en el inmenso parque.
Eran muchos los que a su vista disfrutaban de deliciosos helados, otros iban y venían en sus acostumbrados aerobismos por las aceras. De la misma forma otros salían solo a platicar y a pasarla bien junto con amigos.
–Ah, si no fuera por la democracia que reina en nuestro país, este paraíso que tenemos aquí no fuera una realidad. –dijo Christopher con tono de satisfacción.
–Oye, oye. Los republicanos también somos buenos. –dijo Heda dándole un codazo a manera de juego.
–Tenemos que darle gracias a Dios que vivimos en América, la tierra de la libertad y de la felicidad donde todo el mundo encuentra la realidad de sus sueños. –dijo Christopher mirando aquel atardecer.
–Bueno, por lo menos estamos con más sosiego y tranquilidad que en otros países que están bajo las guerrillas. –dijo Heda.
–Ni lo menciones. Sabes que por mi profesión conozco bastante de esos países donde reinan las guerrillas y las partidas armadas que dominan territorio y aniquilan, torturan y violan los derechos de mucha gente, como por ejemplo algunas regiones en Colombia o Birmania. –dijo Christopher.
–Es muy lamentable que así sea. ¿Cómo puede existir gente tan ciega que no conozcan la libertad y solo les importe las armas, el poder, y el control sobre los demás? –cuestionaba Heda
–Yo, lo único que sé, es que esto es América. Ya la época de los tiros y balazos pasaron en nuestro territorio. Por lo menos llevamos la ofensiva y el liderato sobre otras naciones. Este es el momento cuando el poderío americano está dándose a respetar. –dijo Christopher.
–¿Crees que nos toque a nosotros? –preguntó Heda.
–¿Nos toque qué? –indagó Christopher.
–La otra cara de la moneda. Que en vez de ser nosotros los que llevan la ofensiva, seamos las víctimas de los que hacen la guerra. –contestó Heda.
–Mira, nuestra nación posee demasiada influencia mundial como para que eso pase. Somos los que llevan la delantera en tecnología, progreso, adelantos y toda clase de ciencias. ¿Crees que esto nos coloca en desventaja frente a los demás? –comentó Christopher.
La conversación fue interrumpida por el timbre del celular de Heda.
–Christopher, perdona que me tenga que ir. Es que mis padres me están apurando ya que desean que los acompañe a la iglesia evangélica esta noche. ¿Quieres venir con nosotros? Es muy cerca de este lugar. –le invitó Heda.
–Gracias, pero no. Tengo que terminar unos trabajos que tengo pendientes. Será en otra ocasión. –contestó Christopher recogiendo a Perla y colocándola en la bicicleta de su amiga.
Heda, se despidió y se fue corriendo en su bicicleta despidiéndose de su amigo.
Christopher se quedó un rato más en la sombra de unos arbustos contemplando el panorama. Pasaron cerca de cuarenta y cinco minutos cuando se dirigió a un kiosco a comprar una botella de agua para saciar su sed. Al pretender montarse en su bicicleta se le acercó un pordiosero de la calle que portaba ropas sucias y maltratadas. El hombre vivía de limosnas de la gente. Christopher lo notó rápidamente cuando olfateó el mal olor que el hombre expelía.
–Señor, ¿me regala cinco centavos? –le preguntó el pordiosero.
–No tengo. –contestó Christopher rápidamente queriéndose desligar del barbudo viejo.
Christopher quiso montarse tan pronto pudo en su bicicleta, luego de ajustar bien a Mangual en su lugar. Luego de haber pedaleado dos o tres minutos se detuvo a beber de su botella de agua. No había descansado bien cuando volvió a escuchar la voz del anciano.
–Señor... –dijo el pordiosero cuando fue interrumpido bruscamente por Christopher.
–¿Me estás persiguiendo? –preguntó Christopher con expresión de molestia en su rostro–. Ya le dije que no tengo. –le dijo de muy mal humor.
Cuando Christopher se volteó para reprender al insistente pordiosero al cual ni siquiera había querido mirar a la cara, fue su mayor sorpresa. Esa cara le parecía conocida. Por un momento dudó.
–«¡No puede ser!». –dijo Christopher para si−. ¿Us-ted? –gagueó– ¿Qué hace en esas circunstancias? –dijo incrédulo y a la vez muy confundido.
Christopher quiso alejarse apurándose a montarse en su bicicleta e irse. Pero al darle la espalda.
–¡Christopher! –le llamó el hombre.
Christopher se detuvo, pero con un rostro tan pálido como la misma acera del parque.
–Entonces, ¿es usted? –reaccionó.
Las dudas que tenía Christopher eran ciertas. Se trataba de un viejo profesor que le había dado conferencias de religión en Puerto Rico en décadas antes, ya que el Vaticano le otorgaba pases temporales para ir a diferentes lugares a dar charlas. Su nombre era Mathew. Nunca se casó y siempre se había interesado por los hábitos religiosos entregándose a la vida sacerdotal. Pero ¿qué hacía este hombre en situación tan deplorable? Jamás se imaginó que aquel sacerdote estuviera ahora en aspecto de total negación y abandono. ¿Qué le habrá sucedido? ¿Cómo llegó a la miseria? Era toda una estampida de dudas y preguntas que hacían que el rostro de Christopher se mostrara con gran asombro y preocupación por la condición de aquel hombre.
–¿Cómo es posible? –preguntó Christopher con esfuerzo por el nudo en su garganta.
–Sí, soy yo. –contestó Mathew entristecido
–No, no es posible que un conocido mío se encuentre en tal condición. Eso no puede ser. –dijo Christopher compadeciéndose de Mathew quien bajó su mirada como denotando vergüenza.
–No puedo creer que te encuentres en esta gran ciudad y mucho menos en estas condiciones. –dijo Christopher como reprochándole–. Esto no lo permitiré, no dejaré que usted esté pasando necesidad y mucho menos de vagabundo en la calle. –le dijo con una expresión pragmática−. Ven conmigo, te llevaré a mi apartamento. Allí te podrás mudar esa vieja ropa y te asearás por completo.
–Amigo, por tu protección no me lleves a tu apartamento. –rehusó el anciano negándose a ir.
–¿Protección? ¿De quién? No me digas que tienes sentido de persecución. –dijo Christopher muy incrédulo e insistiendo para que su amigo accediera.
Mathew accedió a la insistente invitación de Christopher. Mientras ambos caminaban rumbo al apartamento eran muchos los que se extrañaban que el solitario y amargado profesor ahora parecía estarse compadeciendo de los pobres y necesitados.
Aquel anciano aparentaba mucha más edad en el aspecto de abandono en cual se encontraba. Aquella sucia barba y el pelo largo y revolcado hablaban por si solo de un descuido personal por largo tiempo y sin contar los harapos viejos que traía, los cuales lo hacían ser despreciable a los demás.
Con ayuda, aquel hombre de aspecto despreciable pasó de mendigo a un estado más digno. Aquella muestra de misericordia provocó que de las sombras un hombre saliera nuevamente a la luz.
Capítulo 4 Advertencia de una catástrofe
Capítulo 5 La autoridad del dragón
Capítulo 8 Señales y prodigios
Capítulo 10 Monstruos de aluminio
Friday, September 27, 2013
Tuesday, September 24, 2013
Programa titulado "El túnel del miedo" habla sobre alegada catástrofe mundial para la cual "FEMA se está preparando".
Sunday, September 22, 2013
UNIONES GAYS PUEDEN DESTRUIR LA CIVILIZACION HUMANA
Vinieron al mundo por medio de la unión de un hombre y una mujer, pero
ahora envueltos en traumas y delirios personales promueven uniones entre el
mismo sexo CONTRANATURA. Apoyan estilos de vidas disturbados que en realidad lo
que hacen es DESTRUIR la humanidad y la familia. Si llegara el punto en que
siguieran extendiendo sus falacias, y lograran agrupar a todos los hombres en
un solo continente (en uniones homosexuales) y agruparan a todas las mujeres en
otro continente (en uniones lésbicas) en corto tiempo la civilización humana
DESAPARECERIA. Por lo tanto, todo el que apoya el estilo de vida homosexual
atenta contra la raza humana, llámese como se llame, sea artista, doctor,
abogado, gobernador, papa, sociólogo, psicólogo, o el título que usted quiera poner.
Promover ese estilo de vida es ir CONTRANATURA,
es ir contra la ley de Dios, y contra el hombre y la mujer como máxima
creación. Afirmar ser sabio e ir contra la ley divina, lo que demuestra es la
necedad absoluta y soberbia del hombre.
Vea el tema:
TRAUMAS: LAS VERDADERAS RAZONES QUE TORNAN A UN HOMBRE EN HOMOSEXUAL
Vea el tema:
TRAUMAS: LAS VERDADERAS RAZONES QUE TORNAN A UN HOMBRE EN HOMOSEXUAL
Saturday, September 21, 2013
LA SUPER RAZA QUE HITLER BUSCABA
La novela titulada "El Club de los
inmortales" de Daniel Estulin hace referencia a un informe del año 1993 de
la Universidad de San Diego sobre el mundo del futuro de la singularidad y la
inmortalidad humana. Dino Alreich en su libro
The Coming Technological Singularity
Fuente: www-rohan
(punto) sdsu (punto) edu
The Coming Technological Singularity:
How to Survive in the Post-Human Era
Vernor Vinge
Department of Mathematical Sciences
San Diego State
University
(c) 1993 by Vernor
Vinge
(Verbatim copying/translation and distribution of this
entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this
notice is
preserved.)
This article was for the VISION-21 Symposium
sponsored by NASA Lewis
Research Center
and the Ohio Aerospace Institute, March 30-31, 1993.
It is also retrievable from the NASA technical reports
server as part of NASA
CP-10129.
A slightly changed version appeared in the
Winter 1993 issue of _Whole Earth Review_.
Abstract
Within thirty years, we will have the technological
means to create superhuman intelligence. Shortly after,
the human era will be ended.
Is such progress avoidable? If not to be avoided, can
events be guided so that we may survive?
These questions
are investigated. Some possible answers (and some further
dangers) are presented.
_What
is The Singularity?_
The acceleration of technological progress has been the central
feature of this century. I argue in this paper that we are on the edge
of
change comparable to the rise of human life on Earth. The precise
cause
of this change is the imminent creation by technology of
entities with greater than human intelligence. There are several means
by
which science may achieve this breakthrough (and this is another
reason for having confidence that the event will occur):
o
The development of computers that are "awake" and
superhumanly intelligent. (To date, most controversy in the
area of AI relates to whether we can create human equivalence
in a machine. But if the answer is "yes, we can", then there
is little doubt that beings more intelligent can be constructed
shortly thereafter.
o
Large computer networks (and their associated users) may "wake
up" as a superhumanly intelligent entity.
o
Computer/human interfaces may become so intimate that users
may reasonably be considered superhumanly intelligent.
o
Biological science may find ways to improve upon the natural
human intellect.
The first three possibilities depend in large part on
improvements in computer hardware. Progress in computer hardware has
followed an amazingly steady curve in the last few decades [16]. Based
largely on this trend, I believe that the creation of greater than
human
intelligence will occur during the next thirty years. (Charles
Platt
[19] has pointed out the AI enthusiasts have been making claims
like
this for the last thirty years. Just so I'm not guilty of a
relative-time ambiguity, let me more specific: I'll be surprised if
this
event occurs before 2005 or after 2030.)
What are the consequences of this event? When greater-than-human
intelligence drives progress, that progress will be much more rapid.
In
fact, there seems no reason why progress itself would not involve
the
creation of still more intelligent entities -- on a still-shorter
time
scale. The best analogy that I see is with the evolutionary past:
Animals can adapt to problems and make inventions, but often no faster
than
natural selection can do its work -- the world acts as its own
simulator in the case of natural selection. We humans have the ability
to
internalize the world and conduct "what if's" in our heads; we can
solve
many problems thousands of times faster than natural selection.
Now,
by creating the means to execute those simulations at much higher
speeds, we are entering a regime as radically different from our human
past
as we humans are from the lower animals.
From the human point of view this change
will be a throwing away
of
all the previous rules, perhaps in the blink of an eye, an
exponential runaway beyond any hope of control. Developments that
before were thought might only happen in "a million years" (if
ever)
will
likely happen in the next century. (In [4], Greg Bear paints a
picture of the major changes happening in a matter of hours.)
I think it's fair to call this event a singularity ("the
Singularity" for the purposes of this paper). It is a point where
our
models must be discarded and a new reality rules. As we move closer
and
closer to this point, it will loom vaster and vaster over human
affairs till the notion becomes a commonplace. Yet when it finally
happens it may still be a great surprise and a greater unknown. In
the
1950s there were very few who saw it: Stan Ulam [27] paraphrased
John
von Neumann as saying:
One conversation centered on the ever
accelerating progress of
technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the
appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the
history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them,
could not continue.
Von Neumann even uses the term singularity, though it appears he
is
still thinking of normal progress, not the creation of superhuman
intellect. (For me, the superhumanity is the essence of the
Singularity. Without that we would get a glut of technical riches,
never
properly absorbed (see [24]).)
In the 1960s there was recognition of some of the implications of
superhuman intelligence. I. J. Good wrote
[10]:
Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine
that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any
any man however clever. Since the
design of machines is one of
these intellectual activities, an ultraintelligent machine could
design even better machines; there would then unquestionably
be an "intelligence explosion," and the intelligence of man
would be left far behind. Thus the first ultraintelligent
machine is the _last_ invention that man need ever make,
provided that the machine is docile enough to tell us how to
keep it under control.
...
It is more probable than not that, within the twentieth century,
an ultraintelligent machine will be built and that it will be
the last invention that man need make.
Good has captured the essence of the runaway, but does not pursue
its
most disturbing consequences. Any intelligent machine of the sort
he
describes would not be humankind's "tool" -- any more than humans
are
the tools of rabbits or robins or chimpanzees.
Through the '60s and '70s and '80s, recognition of the cataclysm
spread [28] [1] [30] [4]. Perhaps it was the science-fiction writers
who
felt the first concrete impact. After
all, the "hard"
science-fiction writers are the ones who try to write specific stories
about
all that technology may do for us. More
and more, these writers
felt
an opaque wall across the future. Once, they could put such
fantasies millions of years in the future [23]. Now they saw that
their
most diligent extrapolations resulted in the unknowable ...
soon.
Once, galactic empires might have seemed a Post-Human domain.
Now,
sadly, even interplanetary ones are.
What about the '90s and the '00s and the '10s, as we slide toward
the
edge? How will the approach of the Singularity spread across the
human
world view? For a while yet, the general critics of machine
sapience
will have good press. After all, till we have hardware as
powerful as a human brain it is probably foolish to think we'll be
able
to create human equivalent (or greater) intelligence. (There is
the
far-fetched possibility that we could make a human equivalent out
of
less powerful hardware, if were willing to give up speed, if we
were
willing to settle for an artificial being who was literally slow
[29].
But it's much more likely that devising the software will be a
tricky process, involving lots of false starts and experimentation. If
so,
then the arrival of self-aware machines will not happen till after
the
development of hardware that is substantially more powerful than
humans' natural equipment.)
But as time passes, we should see more symptoms. The dilemma felt
by
science fiction writers will be perceived in other creative
endeavors. (I have heard
thoughtful comic book writers worry about
how
to have spectacular effects when everything visible can be
produced by the technically commonplace.) We will see automation
replacing higher and higher level jobs. We have tools right now
(symbolic math programs, cad/cam) that release us from most low-level
drudgery. Or put another way: The work that is truly productive is the
domain of a steadily smaller and more elite fraction of humanity. In
the
coming of the Singularity, we are seeing the predictions of _true_
technological unemployment finally come true.
Another symptom of progress toward the Singularity: ideas
themselves should spread ever faster, and even the most radical will
quickly
become commonplace. When I began
writing, it seemed very easy
to
come up with ideas that took decades to percolate into the cultural
consciousness; now the lead time seems more like eighteen months. (Of
course,
this could just be me losing my imagination as I get old, but
I see
the effect in others too.) Like the shock in a compressible
flow,
the Singularity moves closer as we accelerate through the
critical speed.
And what of the arrival of the Singularity
itself? What can be
said
of its actual appearance? Since it involves an intellectual
runaway, it will probably occur faster than any technical revolution
seen
so far. The precipitating event will
likely be unexpected --
perhaps even to the researchers involved. ("But all our previous
models were catatonic! We were just tweaking some parameters....")
If
networking is widespread enough (into ubiquitous embedded systems), it
may
seem as if our artifacts as a whole had suddenly wakened.
And what happens a month or two (or a day or two) after that? I
have
only analogies to point to: The rise of humankind. We will be in
the
Post-Human era. And for all my rampant technological optimism,
sometimes I think I'd be more comfortable if I were regarding these
transcendental events from one thousand years remove ... instead of
twenty.
_Can
the Singularity be Avoided?_
Well, maybe it won't happen at all: Sometimes I try to imagine
the
symptoms that we should expect to see if the Singularity is not to
develop. There are the widely
respected arguments of Penrose [18] and
Searle [21] against the practicality of machine sapience. In August
of
1992, Thinking Machines Corporation held a workshop to investigate
the
question "How We Will Build a Machine that Thinks" [Thearling]. As
you might guess from the workshop's title,
the participants were not
especially supportive of the arguments against machine intelligence.
In
fact, there was general agreement that minds can exist on
nonbiological substrates and that algorithms are of central importance
to
the existence of minds. However, there
was much debate about the
raw
hardware power that is present in organic brains. A minority felt
that
the largest 1992 computers were within three orders of magnitude
of
the power of the human brain. The
majority of the participants
agreed with Moravec's estimate [16] that we are ten to forty years
away
from hardware parity. And yet there was another minority who
pointed to [6] [20], and conjectured that
the computational competence
of
single neurons may be far higher than generally believed. If so,
our
present computer hardware might be as much as _ten_ orders of
magnitude short of the equipment we carry around in our heads. If this
is
true (or for that matter, if the Penrose or Searle critique is
valid), we might never see a Singularity. Instead, in the early '00s
we
would find our hardware performance curves begin to level off --
this
caused by our inability to automate the complexity of the design
work
necessary to support the hardware trend curves. We'd end up with
some
_very_ powerful hardware, but without the ability to push it
further. Commercial digital
signal processing might be awesome,
giving an analog appearance even to digital operations, but nothing
would
ever "wake up" and there would never be the intellectual runaway
which
is the essence of the Singularity. It would likely be seen as a
golden age ... and it would also be an end of progress. This is very
like
the future predicted by Gunther Stent.
In fact, on page 137 of
[24],
Stent explicitly cites the development of transhuman
intelligence as a sufficient condition to break his projections.
But if the technological Singularity can happen, it will. Even
if
all the governments of the world were to understand the "threat"
and
be in deadly fear of it, progress toward the goal would continue.
In
fiction, there have been stories of laws passed forbidding the
construction of "a machine in the form of the mind of man"
[12]. In
fact,
the competitive advantage -- economic, military, even artistic
-- of
every advance in automation is so compelling that passing laws,
or
having customs, that forbid such things merely assures that someone
else
will get them first.
Eric Drexler [7] has provided
spectacular insight about how far
technical improvement may go. He agrees that superhuman intelligences
will
be available in the near future -- and that such entities pose a
threat to the human status quo. But Drexler argues that we can embed
such
transhuman devices in rules or physical confinement such that
their
results can be examined and used safely.
This is I. J. Good's
ultraintelligent machine, with a dose of caution. I argue that
confinement is intrinsically impractical. For the case of physical
confinement: Imagine yourself confined to your house with only limited
data
access to the outside, to your masters. If those masters thought
at a
rate -- say -- one million times slower than you, there is little
doubt
that over a period of years (your time) you could come up with
"helpful advice" that would incidentally set you free. (I call
this
"fast thinking" form of superintelligence "weak
superhumanity". Such a
"weakly superhuman" entity would probably burn out in a few
weeks of
outside time. "Strong superhumanity" would be more than
cranking up
the
clock speed on a human-equivalent mind.
It's hard to say
precisely what "strong superhumanity" would be like, but the
difference appears to be profound. Imagine running a dog mind at very
high
speed. Would a thousand years of doggy living add up to any human
insight? (Now if the dog mind were cleverly rewired and _then_ run at
high
speed, we might see something different....) Most speculations
about
superintelligence seem to be based on the weakly superhuman
model. I believe that our best guesses about the post-Singularity
world
can be obtained by thinking on the nature of strong
superhumanity. I will return to this point later in the paper.)
The other approach to Drexlerian confinement is to build _rules_
into
the mind of the created superhuman entity (Asimov's Laws). I
think
that performance rules strict enough to be safe would also
produce a device whose ability was clearly inferior to the unfettered
versions (and so human competition would favor the development of the
those
more dangerous models). Still, the
Asimov dream is a wonderful
one:
Imagine a willing slave, who has 1000 times your capabilities in
every
way. Imagine a creature who could satisfy your every safe wish
(whatever that means) and still have 99.9% of its time free for other
activities. There would be a new universe we never really understood,
but
filled with benevolent gods (though one of _my_ wishes might be to
become one of them).
If the Singularity can not be prevented or confined, just how bad
could
the Post-Human era be? Well ... pretty bad. The physical
extinction of the human race is one possibility. (Or as Eric Drexler
put
it of nanotechnology: Given all that such technology can do,
perhaps governments would simply decide that they no longer need
citizens!). Yet physical extinction may not
be the scariest
possibility. Again, analogies:
Think of the different ways we relate
to
animals. Some of the crude physical abuses are implausible, yet....
In a
Post-Human world there would still be plenty of niches where
human
equivalent automation would be desirable: embedded systems in
autonomous devices, self-aware daemons in the lower functioning of
larger sentients. (A strongly superhuman intelligence would likely be
a
Society of Mind [15] with some very competent components.) Some
of
these human equivalents might be used for nothing more than digital
signal processing. They would be more like whales than humans. Others
might
be very human-like, yet with a one-sidedness, a _dedication_
that
would put them in a mental hospital in our era.
Though none of
these
creatures might be flesh-and-blood humans, they might be the
closest things in the new enviroment to what
we call human now. (I. J.
Good
had something to say about this, though at this late date the
advice may be moot: Good [11] proposed a "Meta-Golden Rule",
which
might be paraphrased as "Treat your inferiors as you would be
treated by your superiors."
It's a wonderful, paradoxical idea (and
most
of my friends don't believe it) since the game-theoretic payoff
is so
hard to articulate. Yet if we were able to follow it, in some
sense
that might say something about the plausibility of such kindness
in
this universe.)
I have argued above that we cannot prevent the Singularity,
that
its coming is an inevitable consequence of the humans' natural
competitiveness and the possibilities inherent in technology. And yet
...
we are the initiators. Even the largest avalanche is triggered by
small
things. We have the freedom to establish initial conditions,
make
things happen in ways that are less inimical than others. Of
course (as with starting avalanches), it may not be clear what the
right
guiding nudge really is:
_Other
Paths to the Singularity: Intelligence Amplification_
When people speak of creating superhumanly intelligent beings,
they
are usually imagining an AI project. But as I noted at the
beginning of this paper, there are other paths to superhumanity.
Computer networks and human-computer interfaces seem more mundane than
AI,
and yet they could lead to the Singularity. I call this
contrasting approach Intelligence Amplification (IA). IA is something
that
is proceeding very naturally, in most cases not even recognized
by
its developers for what it is. But every time our ability to access
information and to communicate it to others is improved, in some sense
we
have achieved an increase over natural intelligence. Even now, the
team
of a PhD human and good computer workstation (even an off-net
workstation!) could probably max any written intelligence test in
existence.
And it's very likely that IA is a much easier road to the
achievement of superhumanity than pure AI. In humans, the hardest
development problems have already been solved. Building up from within
ourselves ought to be easier than figuring out first what we really
are
and then building machines that are all of that. And there is at
least
conjectural precedent for this approach.
Cairns-Smith [5] has
speculated that biological life may have begun as an adjunct to still
more
primitive life based on crystalline growth.
Lynn Margulis [14]
has
made strong arguments for the view that mutualism is the great
driving force in evolution.
Note that I am not proposing that AI research be ignored or less
funded. What goes on with AI will often have applications in IA, and
vice
versa. I am suggesting that we recognize
that in network and
interface research there is something as profound (and potential wild)
as
Artificial Intelligence. With that insight, we may see projects
that
are not as directly applicable as conventional interface and
network design work, but which serve to advance us toward the
Singularity along the IA path.
Here are some possible projects that take on special
significance, given the IA point of view:
o
Human/computer team automation: Take problems that are normally
considered for purely machine solution (like hill-climbing
problems), and design programs and interfaces that take a
advantage of humans' intuition and available computer hardware.
Considering all the bizarreness of higher dimensional
hill-climbing problems (and the neat algorithms that have been
devised for their solution), there could be some very interesting
displays and control tools provided to the human team member.
o
Develop human/computer symbiosis in art: Combine the graphic
generation capability of modern machines and the esthetic
sensibility of humans. Of course, there has been an enormous
amount of research in designing computer aids for artists, as
labor saving tools. I'm
suggesting that we explicitly aim for a
greater merging of competence, that we explicitly recognize the
cooperative approach that is possible. Karl Sims [22] has done
wonderful work in this direction.
o
Allow human/computer teams at chess tournaments. We already
have programs that can play better than almost all humans. But
how much work has been done on how this power could be used by a
human, to get something even better? If such teams were allowed
in at least some chess tournaments, it could have the positive
effect on IA research that allowing computers in tournaments had
for
the corresponding niche in AI.
o
Develop interfaces that allow computer and network access without
requiring the human to be tied to one spot, sitting in front of a
computer. (This is an aspect of IA that fits so well with known
economic advantages that lots of effort is already being spent on
it.)
o
Develop more symmetrical decision support systems. A popular
research/product area in recent years has been decision support
systems. This is a form of IA, but may be too focussed on
systems that are oracular. As much as the program giving the user
information, there must be the idea of the user giving the
program guidance.
o
Use local area nets to make human teams that really work (ie,
are more effective than their component members). This is
generally the area of "groupware", already a very popular
commercial pursuit. The change in viewpoint here would be to
regard the group activity as a combination organism. In one
sense, this suggestion might be regarded as the goal of inventing
a "Rules of Order" for such combination operations. For
instance,
group focus might be more easily maintained than in classical
meetings. Expertise of individual human members could be isolated
from ego issues such that the contribution of different members
is focussed on the team project. And of course shared data bases
could be used much more conveniently than in conventional
committee operations. (Note that this suggestion is aimed at team
operations rather than political meetings. In a political
setting, the automation described above would simply enforce the
power of the persons making the rules!)
o
Exploit the worldwide Internet as a combination human/machine
tool. Of all the items on the list, progress in this is
proceeding the fastest and may run us into the Singularity before
anything else. The power and influence of even the present-day
Internet is vastly underestimated. For instance, I think our
contemporary computer systems would break under the weight of
their own complexity if it weren't for the edge that the USENET
"group mind" gives the system administration and support
people!)
The very anarchy of the worldwide net development is evidence of
its potential. As connectivity and bandwidth and archive size and
computer speed all increase, we are seeing
something like Lynn
Margulis' [14] vision of the biosphere as data processor
recapitulated, but at a million times greater speed and with
millions of humanly intelligent agents (ourselves).
The above examples illustrate research that can be done within
the
context of contemporary computer science departments. There are
other
paradigms. For example, much of the work in Artificial
Intelligence and neural nets would benefit
from a closer connection
with
biological life. Instead of simply trying to model and understand
biological life with computers, research could be directed toward the
creation of composite systems that rely on biological life for
guidance or for the providing features we don't understand well enough
yet
to implement in hardware. A long-time dream of science-fiction has
been
direct brain to computer interfaces [2] [28]. In fact, there is
concrete work that can be done (and has been done) in this area:
o
Limb prosthetics is a topic of direct commercial applicability.
Nerve to silicon transducers can be made [13]. This is an
exciting, near-term step toward
direct communcation.
o
Similar direct links into brains may be feasible, if the bit
rate is low: given human learning flexibility, the actual
brain neuron targets might not have to be precisely selected.
Even 100 bits per second would be of great use to stroke
victims who would otherwise be confined to menu-driven
interfaces.
o
Plugging in to the optic trunk has the potential for bandwidths
of 1 Mbit/second or so. But for this, we need to know the
fine-scale architecture of vision, and we need to place an
enormous web of electrodes with exquisite precision. If we want
our high bandwidth connection to be _in
addition_ to what paths
are already present in the brain, the problem becomes vastly more
intractable. Just sticking a grid of high-bandwidth receivers
into a brain certainly won't do it.
But suppose that the
high-bandwidth grid were present while the brain structure was
actually setting up, as the embryo develops. That suggests:
o
Animal embryo experiments. I wouldn't expect any IA success
in the first years of such research, but giving developing brains
access to complex simulated neural structures might be very
interesting to the people who study how the embryonic brain
develops. In the long run, such
experiments might produce
animals with additional sense paths and interesting intellectual
abilities.
Originally, I had hoped that this discussion of IA would yield
some clearly safer approaches to the
Singularity. (After all, IA
allows our participation in a kind of transcendance.) Alas, looking
back
over these IA proposals, about all I am sure of is that they
should
be considered, that they may give us more options. But as for
safety ... well, some of the
suggestions are a little scarey on their
face.
One of my informal reviewers pointed out that IA for individual
humans creates a rather sinister elite. We humans have millions of
years
of evolutionary baggage that makes us regard competition in a
deadly light. Much of that deadliness may not be necessary in today's
world, one where losers take on the winners' tricks and are coopted
into
the winners' enterprises. A creature that was built _de novo_
might
possibly be a much more benign entity than one with a kernel
based
on fang and talon. And even the egalitarian view of an Internet
that
wakes up along with all mankind can be viewed as a nightmare
[25].
The problem is not that the Singularity represents simply the
passing of humankind from center stange, but that it contradicts some
of
our most deeply held notions of being. I think a closer look at the
notion of strong superhumanity can show why that is.
_Strong Superhumanity and the Best We Can Ask for_
Suppose we could tailor the Singularity. Suppose we could attain
our
most extravagant hopes. What then would we ask for:
That
humans themselves would become their own successors, that
whatever injustice occurs would be tempered by our knowledge of our
roots. For those who remained unaltered, the goal would be benign
treatment (perhaps even giving the stay-behinds the appearance of
being
masters of godlike slaves). It could be
a golden age that also
involved
progress (overleaping Stent's barrier). Immortality (or at
least
a lifetime as long as we can make the universe survive [9]
[3])
would be achievable.
But in this brightest and kindest world, the philosophical
problems themselves become intimidating.
A mind that stays at the same
capacity cannot live forever; after a few thousand years it would look
more
like a repeating tape loop than a person.
(The most chilling
picture I have seen of this is in [17].)
To live indefinitely long,
the
mind itself must grow ... and when it becomes great enough, and
looks
back ... what fellow-feeling can it have with the soul that it
was
originally? Certainly the later being
would be everything the
original was, but so much vastly more. And so even for the individual,
the
Cairns-Smith (or Lynn Margulis) notion of new life growing
incrementally out of the old must still be valid.
This "problem" about immortality
comes up in much more direct
ways. The notion of ego and
self-awareness has been the bedrock of
the
hardheaded rationalism of the last few centuries. Yet now the
notion of self-awareness is under attack from the Artificial
Intelligence people ("self-awareness and other delusions").
Intelligence Amplification undercuts the importance of ego from
another direction. The
post-Singularity world will involve extremely
high-bandwidth networking. A central feature
of strongly superhuman
entities will likely be their ability to communicate at variable
bandwidths, including ones far higher than speech or written messages.
What
happens when pieces of ego can be copied and merged, when the
size
of a selfawareness can grow or shrink to fit the nature of the
problems under consideration?
These are essential features of strong
superhumanity
and the Singularity. Thinking about them, one begins to
feel
how essentially strange and different the Post-Human era will be
--
_no matter how cleverly and benignly it is brought to be_.
From one angle, the vision fits many of our happiest dreams:
a
place unending, where we can truly know one another and understand
the
deepest mysteries. From another angle,
it's a lot like the worst
case
scenario I imagined earlier in this paper.
Which is the valid viewpoint? In fact, I think the new era is
simply too different to fit into the classical frame of good and
evil.
That frame is based on the idea of isolated, immutable minds
connected by tenuous, low-bandwith links. But the post-Singularity
world
_does_ fit with the larger tradition of change and cooperation
that
started long ago (perhaps even before the rise of biological
life). I think there _are_ notions of ethics that would apply in such
an
era. Research into IA and high-bandwidth communications should
improve this understanding. I see
just the glimmerings of this now,
in
Good's Meta-Golden Rule, perhaps in rules for distinguishing self
from
others on the basis of bandwidth of connection. And while mind
and
self will be vastly more labile than in the past, much of what we
value
(knowledge, memory, thought) need never be lost. I think
Freeman Dyson has it right when he says [8]: "God is what mind
becomes
when
it has passed beyond the scale of our comprehension."
[I
wish to thank John Carroll of San Diego State University and Howard
Davidson
of Sun Microsystems for discussing the draft version of this
paper
with me.]
_Annotated Sources [and an occasional plea for bibliographical help]_
[1]
Alfvén, Hannes, writing as Olof Johanneson, _The End of Man?_,
Award Books, 1969 earlier published
as "The Tale of the Big
Computer", Coward-McCann, translated from a book copyright 1966
Albert Bonniers Forlag AB with English translation copyright 1966
by
Victor Gollanz, Ltd.
[2]
Anderson, Poul, "Kings Who Die", _If_, March 1962, p8-36.
Reprinted in _Seven Conquests_, Poul Anderson, MacMillan Co., 1969.
[3]
Barrow, John D. and Frank J. Tipler, _The Anthropic Cosmological
Principle_, Oxford University Press, 1986.
[4] Bear,
Greg, "Blood Music", _Analog Science Fiction-Science Fact_,
June, 1983. Expanded into the novel _Blood Music_, Morrow, 1985
[5]
Cairns-Smith, A. G., _Seven Clues to the Origin of Life_, Cambridge
University Press, 1985.
[6]
Conrad, Michael _et al._, "Towards an Artificial Brain",
_BioSystems_, vol23, pp175-218, 1989.
[7]
Drexler, K. Eric, _Engines of Creation_, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1986.
[8]
Dyson, Freeman, _Infinite in All Directions_, Harper && Row, 1988.
[9]
Dyson, Freeman, "Physics and Biology in an Open Universe", _Review
of
Modern Physics_, vol 51, pp447-460, 1979.
[10] Good,
I. J., "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent
Machine", in _Advances in Computers_, vol 6, Franz L. Alt and
Morris Rubinoff, eds, pp31-88, 1965, Academic Press.
[11] Good,
I. J., [Help! I can't find the source of Good's Meta-Golden
Rule, though I have the clear recollection of hearing about it
sometime in the 1960s. Through the help of the net, I have found
pointers to a number of related items. G. Harry Stine and Andrew
Haley have written about metalaw as it might relate to
extraterrestrials: G. Harry Stine, "How to Get along with
Extraterrestrials ... or Your Neighbor", _Analog Science Fact-
Science Fiction_, February, 1980, p39-47.]
[12]
Herbert, Frank, _Dune_, Berkley Books, 1985. However, this novel was
serialized in _Analog Science Fiction-Science Fact_ in the 1960s.
[13]
Kovacs, G. T. A. _et al._, "Regeneration Microelectrode Array for
Peripheral Nerve Recording and Stimulation", _IEEE Transactions
on
Biomedical Engineering_, v 39, n 9, pp 893-902.
[14]
Margulis, Lynn and Dorion Sagan, _Microcosmos, Four Billion Years of
Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors_, Summit Books, 1986.
[15]
Minsky, Marvin, _Society of Mind_, Simon and Schuster, 1985.
[16]
Moravec, Hans, _Mind Children_, Harvard University Press, 1988.
[17]
Niven, Larry, "The Ethics of Madness", _If_, April 1967, pp82-108.
Reprinted in _Neutron Star_, Larry Niven, Ballantine Books, 1968.
[18]
Penrose, R., _The Emperor's New Mind_, Oxford University Press, 1989.
[19]
Platt, Charles, Private Communication.
[20]
Rasmussen, S. _et al._, "Computational Connectionism within Neurons:
a Model of Cytoskeletal Automata Subserving
Neural Networks", in
_Emergent Computation_, Stephanie Forrest, ed., p428-449, MIT
Press, 1991.
[21]
Searle, John R., "Minds, Brains, and Programs", in _The Behavioral
and
Brain Sciences_, v.3, Cambridge University
Press, 1980. The
essay is reprinted in _The Mind's I_, edited by Douglas R.
Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett, Basic Books, 1981. This
reprinting contains an excellent critique of the Searle essay.
[22] Sims,
Karl, "Interactive Evolution of Dynamical Systems", Thinking
Machines Corporation, Technical Report Series (published in _Toward
a
Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European
Cnference on Artificial Life_, Paris, MIT Press, December 1991.
[23]
Stapledon, Olaf, _The Starmaker_, Berkley Books, 1961 (but from
the forward probably written before 1937).
[24]
Stent, Gunther S., _The Coming of the Golden Age: A View of the End
of
Progress_, The Natural History Press, 1969.
[25]
Swanwick Michael, _Vacuum Flowers_, serialized in _Isaac Asimov's
Science Fiction Magazine_, December(?) 1986 - February 1987.
Republished by Ace Books, 1988.
[26]
Thearling, Kurt, "How We Will Build a Machine that Thinks", a
workshop
at
Thinking Machines Corporation. Personal Communication.
[27] Ulam,
S., Tribute to John von Neumann, _Bulletin of the American
Mathematical Society_, vol 64, nr 3, part 2, May, 1958, p1-49.
[28]
Vinge, Vernor, "Bookworm, Run!", _Analog_, March 1966, pp8-40.
Reprinted in _True Names and Other Dangers_, Vernor Vinge, Baen
Books, 1987.
[29]
Vinge, Vernor, "True Names", _Binary Star Number 5_, Dell, 1981.
Reprinted in _True Names and Other Dangers_, Vernor Vinge, Baen
Books, 1987.
[30]
Vinge, Vernor, First Word, _Omni_, January 1983, p10.
.png)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)